一、MySQLdb模块
python访问mariadb|mysql依赖于第三方模块MySQLdb,在pypi上下载下来
路径:
MySQL-python依赖于easy_install那先安装setuptools,这里省略
[root@Node3 ~]# unzip MySQL-python-1.2.5.zip[root@Node3 ~]# cd MySQL-python-1.2.5[root@Node3 MySQL-python-1.2.5]# lsdoc MANIFEST.in _mysql_exceptions.py README.md setup.pyGPL-2.0 metadata.cfg MySQL_python.egg-info setup.cfg setup_windows.pyHISTORY _mysql.c PKG-INFO setup_common.py site.cfgINSTALL MySQLdb pymemcompat.h setup_posix.py tests[root@Node3 MySQL-python-1.2.5]# python2.7 setup.py installsh: mysql_config: command not found #没找到这个命令Traceback (most recent call last): File "setup.py", line 17, inmetadata, options = get_config() File "/root/MySQL-python-1.2.5/setup_posix.py", line 43, in get_config libs = mysql_config("libs_r") File "/root/MySQL-python-1.2.5/setup_posix.py", line 25, in mysql_config raise EnvironmentError("%s not found" % (mysql_config.path,))EnvironmentError: mysql_config not found[root@Node3 MySQL-python-1.2.5]# yum install mysql[root@Node3 MySQL-python-1.2.5]# rpm -ql mysql/usr/bin/msql2mysql/usr/bin/my_print_defaults/usr/bin/mysql/usr/bin/mysql_config #在这里/usr/bin/mysql_find_rows/usr/bin/mysql_waitpid/usr/bin/mysqlaccess/usr/bin/mysqladmin/usr/bin/mysqlbinlog/usr/bin/mysqlcheck/usr/bin/mysqldump/usr/bin/mysqlimport/usr/bin/mysqlshow/usr/bin/mysqlslap/usr/lib64/mysql/mysql_config/usr/lib64/mysql/mysqlbug/usr/share/doc/mysql-5.1.73[root@Node3 MySQL-python-1.2.5]# python2.7 setup.py install_mysql.c: In function ‘_mysql_ConnectionObject_getattr’:_mysql.c:2666: error: ‘_mysql_ConnectionObject’ has no member named ‘open’error: command 'gcc' failed with exit status 1 #又遇到报错,google后是需要mysql-devel[root@Node3 MySQL-python-1.2.5]# yum install mysql-devel[root@Node3 MySQL-python-1.2.5]# python2.7 setup.py installAdding MySQL-python 1.2.5 to easy-install.pth fileInstalled /usr/local/python27/lib/python2.7/site-packages/MySQL_python-1.2.5-py2.7-linux-x86_64.eggProcessing dependencies for MySQL-python==1.2.5Finished processing dependencies for MySQL-python==1.2.5 #安装成功
导入MySQLdb模块:
In [4]: import MySQLdbIn [5]: import MySQLdb. #有众多方法和属性MySQLdb.BINARY MySQLdb.NULL MySQLdb.connectMySQLdb.Binary MySQLdb.NUMBER MySQLdb.connectionsMySQLdb.Connect MySQLdb.NotSupportedError MySQLdb.constantsMySQLdb.Connection MySQLdb.OperationalError MySQLdb.convertersMySQLdb.DATE MySQLdb.ProgrammingError MySQLdb.cursorsMySQLdb.DBAPISet MySQLdb.ROWID MySQLdb.debugMySQLdb.DataError MySQLdb.STRING MySQLdb.escapeMySQLdb.DatabaseError MySQLdb.TIME MySQLdb.escape_dictMySQLdb.Date MySQLdb.TIMESTAMP MySQLdb.escape_sequenceMySQLdb.DateFromTicks MySQLdb.Time MySQLdb.escape_stringMySQLdb.Error MySQLdb.TimeFromTicks MySQLdb.get_client_infoMySQLdb.FIELD_TYPE MySQLdb.Timestamp MySQLdb.paramstyleMySQLdb.IntegrityError MySQLdb.TimestampFromTicks MySQLdb.releaseMySQLdb.InterfaceError MySQLdb.Warning MySQLdb.string_literalMySQLdb.InternalError MySQLdb._mysql MySQLdb.threadsafetyMySQLdb.MySQLError MySQLdb._mysql_exceptions MySQLdb.timesMySQLdb.MySQLdb MySQLdb.apilevel MySQLdb.version_infoIn [11]: help(MySQLdb)Help on package MySQLdb:NAME MySQLdb - MySQLdb - A DB API v2.0 compatible interface to MySQL.FILE /usr/local/python27/lib/python2.7/site-packages/MySQL_python-1.2.5-py2.7-linux-x86_64.egg/MySQLdb/__init__.pyDESCRIPTION This package is a wrapper around _mysql, which mostly implements the MySQL C API. connect() -- connects to server See the C API specification and the MySQL documentation for more info on other items. For information on how MySQLdb handles type conversion, see the MySQLdb.converters module.PACKAGE CONTENTS #包内容|子模块 connections #连接mysql constants (package) # converters #将Python中的字符串转化成mysql可以处理的数据类型 cursors #游标 release times In [24]: help(MySQLdb.connection)Help on class connection in module _mysql:class connection(__builtin__.object) | Returns a MYSQL connection object. Exclusive use of | keyword parameters strongly recommended. Consult the | MySQL C API documentation for more details. | | host | string, host to connect | | user | string, user to connect as | | passwd | string, password to use | | db | string, database to use | | port | integer, TCP/IP port to connect to | | unix_socket | string, location of unix_socket (UNIX-ish only) | | conv | mapping, maps MySQL FIELD_TYPE.* to Python functions which | convert a string to the appropriate Python type | | connect_timeout | number of seconds to wait before the connection | attempt fails. | | compress | if set, gzip compression is enabled
示例:
In [2]: import MySQLdbIn [7]: conn=MySQLdb.connect(host='127.0.0.1',user='root') #创建连接使用conncetIn [10]: conn.conn.DataError conn.close conn.get_host_info conn.set_character_setconn.DatabaseError conn.commit conn.get_proto_info conn.set_server_optionconn.Error conn.converter conn.get_server_info conn.set_sql_modeconn.IntegrityError conn.cursor conn.info conn.show_warningsconn.InterfaceError conn.cursorclass conn.insert_id conn.shutdownconn.InternalError conn.default_cursor conn.kill conn.sqlstateconn.NotSupportedError conn.dump_debug_info conn.literal conn.statconn.OperationalError conn.encoders conn.messages conn.store_resultconn.ProgrammingError conn.errno conn.next_result conn.string_decoderconn.Warning conn.error conn.open conn.string_literalconn.affected_rows conn.errorhandler conn.ping conn.thread_idconn.autocommit conn.escape conn.port conn.unicode_literalconn.begin conn.escape_string conn.query conn.use_resultconn.change_user conn.field_count conn.rollback conn.warning_countconn.character_set_name conn.get_autocommit conn.select_db conn.client_flag conn.get_character_set_info conn.server_capabilities In [14]: conn.statOut[14]:In [15]: conn.stat()Out[15]: 'Uptime: 719 Threads: 1 Questions: 6 Slow queries: 0 Opens: 15 Flush tables: 1 Open tables: 8 Queries per second avg: 0.8' In [4]: s1=conn.cursor() #创建游标 In [5]: s1.s1.DataError s1.arraysize s1.fetchones1.DatabaseError s1.callproc s1.lastrowids1.Error s1.close s1.messagess1.IntegrityError s1.connection s1.nextsets1.InterfaceError s1.description s1.rowcounts1.InternalError s1.description_flags s1.rownumbers1.MySQLError s1.errorhandler s1.scrolls1.NotSupportedError s1.execute s1.setinputsizess1.OperationalError s1.executemany s1.setoutputsizess1.ProgrammingError s1.fetchall s1.Warning s1.fetchmany In [5]: s1.execute('SHOW DATABASES;') #执行SQL语句 Out[5]: 3L #返回的结果In [6]: s1.fes1.fetchall s1.fetchmany s1.fetchone In [6]: s1.fetchall() #详细查看返回的结果,此时游标已经指到了尾部Out[6]: (('information_schema',), ('mysql',), ('test',))In [7]: s1.fetchone() #这里没数据了,需要调整游标的位置In [8]: s1.fetchmanyOut[8]: >In [9]: s1.fetchmany()Out[9]: ()In [11]: s1.scroll(0,mode='absolute') #移到首部In [13]: s1.fetchone() #读取一行Out[13]: ('information_schema',)In [14]: s1.fetchone() Out[14]: ('mysql',)In [15]: s1.fetchone()Out[15]: ('test',)In [16]: s1.fetchone()In [17]: s1.scroll(1,mode='absolute')In [18]: s1.fetchone()Out[18]: ('mysql',)In [19]: s1.fetchone()Out[19]: ('test',)In [20]: s1.fetchone()In [21]: s1.scroll(0,mode='absolute')In [22]: s1.fetchmany()Out[22]: (('information_schema',),)In [23]: s1.fetchmany()Out[23]: (('mysql',),)In [24]: s1.fetchmany()Out[24]: (('test',),)In [25]: s1.fetchmany()Out[25]: ()In [26]: s1.scroll(0,mode='absolute')In [32]: s1.fetchmany(3) #可以指定一次读取几行Out[32]: (('information_schema',), ('mysql',), ('test',))In [33]: s1.fetchmany(2)Out[33]: ()In [34]: s1.scroll(0,mode='absolute')In [35]: s1.fetchmany(2)Out[35]: (('information_schema',), ('mysql',))In [36]: s1.close() #关闭游标In [37]: conn.close() #关闭连接
二、socket模块
Python 提供了两个级别访问的网络服务。
低级别的网络服务支持基本的 Socket,它提供了标准的 BSD Sockets API,可以访问底层操作系统Socket接口的全部方法。
高级别的网络服务模块 SocketServer, 它提供了服务器中心类,可以简化网络服务器的开发。
什么是socket?
Socket又称"套接字",应用程序通常通过"套接字"向网络发出请求或者应答网络请求,使主机间或者一台计算机上的进程间可以通讯。
1、编写服务器端程序
1)创建socket
Python 中,我们用 socket()函数来创建套接字,语法格式如下:
socket.socket([family[, type[, proto]]])
socket.socket(family,type)
family 套接字家族
AF_INET:
AF_UNIX:
type 套接字类型
SOCK_STREAM
SOCK_DGRAM
proto
tcp
udp
Socket 对象(内建)方法
函数 | 描述 |
---|---|
服务器端套接字 | |
s.bind() | 绑定地址(host,port)到套接字, 在AF_INET下,以元组(host,port)的形式表示地址。 |
s.listen() | 开始TCP监听。backlog指定在拒绝连接之前,操作系统可以挂起的最大连接数量。该值至少为1,大部分应用程序设为5就可以了。 |
s.accept() | 被动接受TCP客户端连接,(阻塞式)等待连接的到来 |
客户端套接字 | |
s.connect() | 主动初始化TCP服务器连接,。一般address的格式为元组(hostname,port),如果连接出错,返回socket.error错误。 |
s.connect_ex() | connect()函数的扩展版本,出错时返回出错码,而不是抛出异常 |
公共用途的套接字函数 | |
s.recv() | 接收TCP数据,数据以字符串形式返回,bufsize指定要接收的最大数据量。flag提供有关消息的其他信息,通常可以忽略。 |
s.send() | 发送TCP数据,将string中的数据发送到连接的套接字。返回值是要发送的字节数量,该数量可能小于string的字节大小。 |
s.sendall() | 完整发送TCP数据,完整发送TCP数据。将string中的数据发送到连接的套接字,但在返回之前会尝试发送所有数据。成功返回None,失败则抛出异常。 |
s.recvform() | 接收UDP数据,与recv()类似,但返回值是(data,address)。其中data是包含接收数据的字符串,address是发送数据的套接字地址。 |
s.sendto() | 发送UDP数据,将数据发送到套接字,address是形式为(ipaddr,port)的元组,指定远程地址。返回值是发送的字节数。 |
s.close() | 关闭套接字 |
s.getpeername() | 返回连接套接字的远程地址。返回值通常是元组(ipaddr,port)。 |
s.getsockname() | 返回套接字自己的地址。通常是一个元组(ipaddr,port) |
s.setsockopt(level,optname,value) | 设置给定套接字选项的值。 |
s.getsockopt(level,optname[.buflen]) | 返回套接字选项的值。 |
s.settimeout(timeout) | 设置套接字操作的超时期,timeout是一个浮点数,单位是秒。值为None表示没有超时期。一般,超时期应该在刚创建套接字时设置,因为它们可能用于连接的操作(如connect()) |
s.gettimeout() | 返回当前超时期的值,单位是秒,如果没有设置超时期,则返回None。 |
s.fileno() | 返回套接字的文件描述符。 |
s.setblocking(flag) | 如果flag为0,则将套接字设为非阻塞模式,否则将套接字设为阻塞模式(默认值)。非阻塞模式下,如果调用recv()没有发现任何数据,或send()调用无法立即发送数据,那么将引起socket.error异常。 |
s.makefile() | 创建一个与该套接字相关连的文件 |
示例:
tcpconn=scoket.socket(socket.AF_INET,sockot.SOCK_STREAM)
In [44]: import socketIn [45]: tcpconn=socket.socket(socket.AF_INET,socket.SOCK_STREAM)In [46]: tcpconn.tcpconn.accept tcpconn.getsockname tcpconn.recvfrom_intotcpconn.bind tcpconn.getsockopt tcpconn.sendtcpconn.close tcpconn.gettimeout tcpconn.sendalltcpconn.connect tcpconn.listen tcpconn.sendtotcpconn.connect_ex tcpconn.makefile tcpconn.setblockingtcpconn.dup tcpconn.proto tcpconn.setsockopttcpconn.family tcpconn.recv tcpconn.settimeouttcpconn.fileno tcpconn.recv_into tcpconn.shutdowntcpconn.getpeername tcpconn.recvfrom tcpconn.type
2)绑定地址
使用套接字对象bind方法绑定于某地址和端口
tcpconn.bind(('ip',port))
In [47]: help(tcpconn.bind)Help on method bind:bind(...) method of socket._socketobject instance bind(address) Bind the socket to a local address. For IP sockets, the address is a pair (host, port); the host must refer to the local host. For raw packet sockets the address is a tuple (ifname, proto [,pkttype [,hatype]])(END) In [48]: tcpconn.bind("192.168.10.3",8023)---------------------------------------------------------------------------TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)in ()----> 1 tcpconn.bind("192.168.10.3",8023)/usr/local/python27/lib/python2.7/socket.pyc in meth(name, self, *args) 222 223 def meth(name,self,*args):--> 224 return getattr(self._sock,name)(*args) 225 226 for _m in _socketmethods:TypeError: bind() takes exactly one argument (2 given)In [49]: tcpconn.bind(("192.168.10.3",8023)
3)使用listen方法进行监听状态
tcpconn.listen(backlog) #backlog 等待队列的长度
tcpconn.listen(100)
In [50]: tcpconn.listen(30)[root@Node3 ~]# ss -nltState Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port LISTEN 0 128 *:7500 *:* LISTEN 0 128 *:7501 *:* LISTEN 0 100 *:9422 *:* LISTEN 0 128 :::22 :::* LISTEN 0 128 *:22 *:* LISTEN 0 30 192.168.10.3:8023 *:* LISTEN 0 100 ::1:25 :::* LISTEN 0 100 127.0.0.1:25 *:* LISTEN 0 128 127.0.0.1:6010 *:* LISTEN 0 128 ::1:6010 :::* LISTEN 0 128 127.0.0.1:6011 *:* LISTEN 0 128 ::1:6011 :::* LISTEN 0 50 *:3306 *:*
4)循环监听状态
使用套接字对象的accept方法接收用户请求
In [51]: help(tcpconn.accept) #返回(客户端Ip地址,端口) Help on method accept in module socket:accept(self) method of socket._socketobject instance accept() -> (socket object, address info) Wait for an incoming connection. Return a new socket representing the connection, and the address of the client. For IP sockets, the address info is a pair (hostaddr, port). In [52]: ci,cp=tcpconn.accept() #此时服务端阻塞
2、编写客户端程序
1)创建一个socket对象,以连接服务器端
clientsock=socket.socket(socket.AF_INET,sock.SOCK_STREAM)
In [6]: import socketIn [7]: clientsock=socket.socket(socket.AF_INET,socket.SOCK_STREAM)
2)连接至服务器
clientscok.connect(('server_ip',server_port))
In [8]: clientsock.connect(('192.168.10.3',8023))
此时再观察服务器端:
In [55]: ci,cp=tcpconn.accept() #服务器端收到数据,结束阻塞In [56]: ciOut[56]:In [57]: ci()---------------------------------------------------------------------------TypeError Traceback (most recent call last) in ()----> 1 ci()TypeError: '_socketobject' object is not callableIn [58]: ci,cp #返回2各对象,ci是一个socket对象,cp是一个元祖对象Out[58]: ( , ('192.168.10.3', 34873))
3)发送请求
clientscok.send()
In [9]: clientsock.send('hello server') Out[9]: 11
但这么操作当客户端连接进服务器端后,连接就断开了,我们应该写脚本来实现服务器处于循环监听状态
脚本文件:
[root@Node3 ~]# cat server.py #服务器端#!/usr/local/bin/python2.7#import sockets=socket.socket(socket.AF_INET,socket.SOCK_STREAM)sa=("192.168.10.3",8030)s.bind(sa)s.listen(20)while True: cinfo,caddr=s.accept() print "Got a connection from %s" %caddr[0] data=cinfo.recv(1024) print "Receive data:%s" %data cinfo.send("echo: " + data) cinfo.close()[root@Node3 ~]# cat client.py #客户端#!/usr/local/bin/python2.7#import socketc=socket.socket(socket.AF_INET,socket.SOCK_STREAM)saddr=("192.168.10.3",8030)c.connect(saddr)c.send("Hello Server")data=c.recv(1024)print "Reply from server %s" %data
执行脚本:
[root@Node3 ~]# python2.7 server.py #执行服务器端脚本 #阻塞状态
[root@Node3 ~]# python2.7 client.py #执行客户端脚本Reply from server echo: Hello Server
再看服务器端:
[root@Node3 ~]# python2.7 server.py Got a connection from 192.168.10.3Receive data:Hello Server #仍阻塞状态
修改下客户端脚本再执行一次:
[root@Node3 ~]# vi client.py [root@Node3 ~]# python2.7 client.py Reply from server echo: Hello SB
服务器端:
[root@Node3 ~]# python2.7 server.py Got a connection from 192.168.10.3Receive data:Hello ServerGot a connection from 192.168.10.3Receive data:Hello SB